The Culture of Adena is an existing pre-Columbian American Native culture of 1000-200 BC, in a period known as the early period of Woodland. The Culture of Adena refers to what might be a number of Native Americans concerned about sharing complex systems and funerals. The Adena lives in the area including parts of Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland.
Video Adena culture
Importance
The Adena culture was named for the great mound in the early 19th century belonging to Thomas Worthington located near Chillicothe, Ohio, which he named "Adena",
The Adena site is concentrated in a relatively small area - perhaps 200 sites in Central Ohio Valley, with perhaps 200 others scattered throughout Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland, although those in Ohio may have ever amounted to in the thousands. The importance of the Adena complex comes from a major influence on contemporary culture and other successes. The culture of Adena is seen as a forerunner of the Hopewell cultural tradition, which is sometimes regarded as elaboration, or the peak, of the Adena tradition.
The Adena is renowned for their farming practices, pottery, artwork and extensive trading networks, supplying them with a variety of raw materials, ranging from copper from the Great Lakes to shells from the Gulf Coast.
Maps Adena culture
Art and religion
Mounds
The last trace of the Adena culture is still visible in the remnants of their large land work. At one point, the larger Adena mound numbered in the hundreds, but only a few remnants of the larger monument of Adena earthen still survive to this day. These mounds generally range in size from 20 feet (6.1 m) to 300 feet (91 m) in diameter and serve as funeral structures, ceremonial sites, historical markers and possibly gathering places. These land monuments were built using hundreds of thousands of baskets full of earth selected and valued specifically. According to archaeological investigations, the work of Adena land is often built as part of their funeral rituals, in which earth earthworks are piled up immediately over the burning mortuary building. The mortuary building is meant to keep and keep the dead until their last funeral is done. Before the construction of land works, some utilitarian goods and graves will be placed on the floor of the structure, which is burned with goods and honored to die inside. Soil work will then be built, and often the new mortuary structure will be placed on new groundwork. After a series of repetitions, burial/earthwork/funeral/earthworks, significant land work will remain. In the later Adena period, unknown circular bulges are sometimes built around the burial ground work.
Prominent mound
Shamanism
Although the mound was a beautiful artistic achievement, Adena artists created smaller and more personal pieces of art. The art motif that became important to many Native Americans began with Adena. Motives such as crying eyes and cross and circle designs are a mainstay in many successful cultures. Many works of art seem to revolve around shamanic practices, and human transformation into animals - especially birds, wolves, bears and deer - and return to human form. This may indicate the belief that the practice of implanting animal quality to the wearer or the holder of the objects. The antlers, both original and constructed from copper jawbions, wolves, deer and lion volcanoes, and many other objects were formed into Adena costumes, necklaces, and other forms of regalia. A typical tubular cigarette tube, with a flat or blocked funnel, shows the smoke offerings to the spirit. The purpose of the smoking pipe may have changed the state of consciousness, achieved through the use of plant hallucinogens Nicotiana rustica. All told, Adena is a manifestation of a large regional increase in the number and types of artifacts devoted to spiritual needs.
Tablet stone
The Adena also carve small stone tablets, usually 4 or 5 inches by 3 or 4 inches by 5 inches thick. On either or both sides of the graceful flat consists of stylish zoomorphs or curved geometric designs with deep help. Paint has been found on several Adena tablets, which lead archaeologists to suggest that these stone tablets may be used to affix designs to fabrics or animal skins, or to their own bodies. It is possible that they are used to decipher the design for the tattoo.
Pottery
Unlike in other cultures, Adena pottery is not buried with corpses or cremation remains, like other artifacts. Usually Adena pottery is forged with limestone or limestone crushed and very thick; the decoration is mostly plain, marked with marked wires or fabrics, although one type of nested diamond design is incised to the surface. The vessel shape is a sub-conoidal or flat-bottomed jar, sometimes with small support like a leg.
Home life
Settlement pattern
Large and complicated mound sites serve scattering of nearby people. The population is spread over small settlements from one to two structures. Typical houses built in the form of a circle from 15 to 45 feet in diameter. The walls are made of pegs tilted outward, which are then connected to other pieces of wood to form a conical roof. The roof is then covered with bark and the walls may be bark and/or webbing.
Food source
Their sustenance is earned through foraging and cultivating native plants.
- Deer is hunted, deer, black bear, woodchuck, beaver, porcupine, turkey, swan trumpet, and ruffed grouse.
- Gather some seeds, grass, and edible nuts.
- Pumpkin cultivated, pumpkin, sunflower, and goosefoot.
Tools
Adena stone axes and axes. Stones such as a slightly rough slab with a cut end may be used as a hoe. Bones and horns are used in small tools, but are even more prominent in decorative objects such as beads, combs, and gorgets or jaw-aids. Spoons, beads and other equipment are made from sea snails. Some copper axes have been found, but instead the metal is hammered into ornamental shapes, such as bracelets, rings, beads, and rolled pendants.
See also
- The Hopewell Tradition
References
External links
- Ohio Memory
- Ohio Community History Archeology Page
- First Ohioans Virtual web page in Adena
- Introduction to North American Orang Asli: People Adena
- Ancient Earthworks of Eastern North America Photo Gallery
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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