Hurricane Camille is the second most intense tropical storm that strikes the United States on record. The most powerful storm in the Atlantic Ocean hurricane season of 1969, Camille formed as a tropical depression on August 14, south of Cuba from a long trace of tropical waves. Located in a favorable environment to strengthen, a rapid storm intensified into category 2 hurricanes before attacking the country's western part on August 15th. Appearing to the Gulf of Mexico, Camille experienced another period of rapid intensification and became a Category 5 storm the next day as it moved north toward the Louisiana-Mississippi region. Despite weakening slightly on August 17, the typhoon quickly re-intensified back into Category 5 before landing in Waveland, Mississippi on August 18 with a pressure of 900 mbar (26.58 inHg). This is the second lowest recorded pressure for US landings; only the 1935 Hurricane storm has a lower pressure on the mainland. When Camille pushed the land, it rapidly weakened and was a tropical depression at that time over the Ohio Valley. After emerging offshore, it was able to reinforce it back to a strong tropical storm, before it became extratropical, absorbed by a cold front over the North Atlantic on 22 August.
Camille caused tremendous damage behind him, and also produced an official 24-foot (7.3 m) official hurricane peak. The storm leveled almost everything along the coast of the US state of Mississippi, and caused additional flooding and death on land as it crossed the Appalachian Mountains in Virginia. In total, Camille killed 259 people and caused a loss of $ 1.43 billion (1969 USD).
Video Hurricane Camille
Name the problem
In the 1960s, the names of the Atlantic hurricane consisted of female names being reused every fourth year. The practice of stormed names of temporary storms is meant temporarily, with the guidance that names should be retired for ten years. When 'Carla' retired in 1961, she was replaced on the 1965 list with 'Carol', a name that retired in 1954 when the namesake destroyed New England. Since more than a decade has passed, Carol qualifies for reuse. Carol entered the list in 1969, but scientists from the National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) asked the naming committee in January 1969 to permanently retire Carol, Edna and Hazel since papers were still written about the storm. The committee agreed but needed a replacement name 'C'. John Hope's daughter Camille is involved in advanced science and mathematics programs in high school and has undertaken the necessary independent research projects. John Hope asked Dr. Banner Miller to guide him in his research on storms and long-term atmospheric trends. Miller was impressed with his project and suggested his name for the list. "We have remained silent for years," Camille said in a telephone interview around 2014.
Maps Hurricane Camille
Meteorological history
The origins of Hurricane Camille came from the tropical waves off the west coast of Africa on August 5, 1969. The trail is rapidly westward along the 15th parallel north, the tropical disturbance being clearly identified in satellite imagery on August 9th. At that time, the activity of thunderstorms was concentrated into a circular convection area. The next day, he moved through the Lesser Antilles, although there was no evidence of closed circulation. On August 13, waves crossed near or above the southern coast of Jamaica as the conjunction spreads to the northeast through the Bahamas. Next, it begins a slower motion to the northwest. It is believed that the tropical depression formed shortly thereafter, early on August 14, and it became a tropical storm a few hours later. On the morning of August 14th, Storm Hunters flew in to investigate for closed circulation near the Bahamas and near the Cayman Islands. The crew observes the developing center in the western Caribbean, and the wind has reached tropical storm status. At that time, the storm has strengthened into a powerful tropical storm with a wind speed of 60 mph (95 km/h), about 50 miles (80 km) west-northwest of Grand Cayman.
Originally classified as a tropical storm, Camille is located in a favorable area for further strengthening, although initially slowly intensified. It lies in a very light wind shear area and a warm environment overall. In addition, the storm develops a steep low-level flow from the deep south Caribbean, which constantly brings moisture into the storm. For the duration, it is a small tropical cyclone, although with a strong wind radius that spreads 100 miles (160 km) to the north, the storm area quickly spread to Cuba. As the storm approaches the western coast of Cuba, it begins a rapid deepening, reaching hurricane status and less than 12 hours later reaching winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). Before landing, his eyes were tracked by radar from Havana; It is estimated that the typhoon moved ashore between Cape San Antonio and Guane at the end of August 15 as a powerful category 2 storm. Camille was a small storm when it crossed western Cuba, and its winds dropped slightly to 105 mph (165 km/h) above the ground before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico.
Initially, Camille was expected to turn northeast toward Florida. Instead, it continues to the northwest and quickly rises after leaving Cuba. The eye is contracted with a diameter of less than 8 miles (13 km), and a strong bando developed around the entire storm. Because of the small eye, Hunter Letters initially had difficulty in determining strength; But flights at the end of August 16 found a powerful Category 5 storm on the Saffir-Simpson Storm Wind Scale and recorded very low pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.82 inHg), with winds estimated at 175 mph (280 km/h). At that time, it is not expected to increase further. However, the Hurricane Hunters flight on early August 17 recorded a pressure of 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg), at the lowest pressure recorded by reconnaissance aircraft. It made Camille the strongest storm since the storm of 1935; is currently the sixth most intense Atlantic storm, due to its ratings by the lowest pressure. At the same time, the maximum wind speed in the cyclone peaked at 175 mph (280 km/h) at 00 UTC on 17 August.
As he headed for the Gulf Coast of the United States, Camille kept his little eye, and fortune-tellers continued to anticipate turns toward Florida. On August 17, Camille briefly weakened into Category 4 hurricane due to spy replacement cycle; The reconnaissance flight was forced to end its mission early due to a damaged engine. Before they left the storm, the crew recorded 919 mbar (hPa; 27.14 inHg) pressure and surface wind forecast at 155 mph (250 km/h), while Camille was located about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of the Mississippi River Delta. No subsequent Hurricane Hunter flights, but observed surface observations later gave the impression that Camille quickly regained strength and regained Category 5 intensity. After passing a very close southeast Louisiana, Hurricane Camille made an early landing on August 18 in Waveland, Mississippi. The maximum wind speed near the coastline is estimated at about 175 mph (280 km/h) at a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg).
The storm weakened as he drove to the mainland, and within 14 hours of moving ashore, Camille weakened into the status of a tropical storm. About 12 hours later, it weakened into a tropical depression status, at which point it began to turn north and northeast. On August 20, Camille's Tropical Depression changed eastward through Kentucky, bringing down torrential rain in West Virginia and Virginia. Later that day it appeared to the Atlantic Ocean east of Norfolk, and that afternoon when it appeared off the coast, it gained the status of a tropical storm. Camille accelerates east-northeast, reaching a peak of 70 mph (110 km/h) because it interacts with a larger Debbie Storm to the southeast (although poor sampling of the region means that it is possible that the storm may have regained intensity storm at locations where wind speed measurements are not taken). Furthermore, Camille begins to interact with the cold front, causing it to gradually turn into an extratropical cyclone as it attracts cooler air. On August 22, Camille was absorbed by a cold front in the southern Canadian Atlantic.
Preparation
Shortly after Camille was formed, the National Hurricane Center advised residents of the Isle of Pines and in western Cuba to prepare strong winds, torrential rains, and high tides. The agency also recommends small boats to remain at the harbor. The storm threat prompted officials to evacuate thousands of people along the west coast of Cuba and on the Isle of Pines; on the island, 10,000 cows and 6,000 turkeys were moved to safer areas.
When Camille impacts on Cuba, small boats are advised not to venture too far from the Florida coast.
On August 15, the National Hurricane Center issued a storm watch for a 110 mile (180 km) stretch of Florida, between Apalachicola and Fort Walton Beach. The next day, when the storm watch was upgraded to a storm warning, thousands of people boarded their homes and fled to the interior. During the afternoon of August 16, the weather bureau ordered that storm watches be placed with force for the coastline from Biloxi to St Marks, Florida. Later in the day, storm watches were upgraded to a storm warning for the northwestern coast of Florida, from Fort Walton to St Marks.
On Saturday morning, a storm watch was ejected for the beach from Biloxi to the east. Civil defense organizations in coastal districts are constantly on the alert. Keesler Air Force Base and Naval Construction Battalion Center are ready for the storm. By 5 pm on a Sunday, a cyclone warning was issued for the beach. This activates the National Guard unit. Many did not believe the report on the intensity of Camille that afternoon. Many people who live at a height of 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level refuse to believe that they will be submerged. The Gulfport Mayor ordered the release of prisoners from the city jail as the wind grew at 9 pm. on a Sunday night, but no one will leave.
Impact
Making a landing in Waveland, Mississippi, as a Category 5 cyclone, Camille caused damage and destruction in most of the Gulf Coast of the United States. As it moved quickly across the region, Camille's Storm only dropped moderate rainfall in most areas. The area in and around Pass Christian, its landing point, is reported from 7 to 10 inches (180 to 250 mm). The total destruction area in Harrison County, Mississippi is 68 square miles (180 km 2 ). The total estimated damage cost is $ 1.43 billion (1969 USD). This made Camille tied (with Hurricane Betsy) as the most expensive storm in the United States, until then. The storm instantly killed 143 people along Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. A total of 153 people were killed by floods in Nelson County, Virginia and other surrounding areas. Overall, 8,931 people were injured, 5,662 homes were destroyed, and 13,915 houses suffered major damage, with many casualties becoming coastal residents refusing to evacuate.
Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico Offshore
As a tropical storm is emerging, Camille brings rain to Grand Cayman, although there are no reports of damage. The station in Cuba on the outskirts of the storm reported winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). To the east where it moved ashore, Guane city recorded a 92 mph (148 km/h) wind, although no wind reports were taken at the landing site. Storms are generated up to 10 inches (250 mm) near Guane, as well as on the Isle of Pines. On the Isle of Pines, the storm caused damage to about 100 homes. Throughout the Province of Pinar del RÃÆ'o, Camille causes severe damage, especially from river flooding; about 20,000 people lost their homes in the province. Strong winds uprooted trees and power grids, causing power outages to the east through the capital of Havana. Initially, the government reported no casualties from the storm. Subsequent research showed storms killed five people in the country during the trip, and damage was estimated at $ 5 million (1969 USD).
In the days after the storm struck Cuba, the government deployed medical teams to affected areas to give injections of typhoid vaccine. Officials noted the potential for the spread of the disease, due to the flooding of Camille as well as the previous wet conditions.
In the open Gulf of Mexico, typhoons produce wave heights of at least 70 feet (21 m), as measured by Shell Oil Company. Along the bottom of the ocean, storms create mudslides that lower the ocean floor; combinations with strong waves and winds destroyed three oil platforms, including one which at the time was the deepest oil well. Property damage to the offshore oil industry was initially estimated at $ 100 million (1969 USD).
Louisiana
The pressure dropped to 27.80 inches of mercury (941 hPa) in Taman Island. The wind blazed up to 125 miles per hour (201Ã, km/h) at Slidell as their pressure dropped to 28.75 inches of mercury (974 hPa) on August 19. Almost total destruction seen from Venice to Buras. Key Ostrica measures a storm wave of 16 feet (4.9 m). Water hit the US Highway 90 to a depth of 10 feet (3.0 m). The highest rainfall report of the country is 5.23 inches (133 mm) from Slidell. Camille caused about $ 322 million (1969 dollars) damage in Louisiana. Fortunately, The Storm changed just in time to avoid a direct attack on the City of New Orleans, which was destroyed only four years earlier by Hurricane Betsy. The worst impact in New Orleans is the exact flooding of several dikes, especially in the lowest neglected areas, including Lower Ninth Ward, which suffered the most severe floods during Betsy.
Mississippi
In Mississippi, Camille was much worse than Hurricane Betsy and the storm of September 1947. Power went off during Camille's approach to the Mississippi coast. The US Highway 90 flooded as a huge storm surge over the sea, leaving a barge along the highway in Gulfport. Fire burns coastal communities, with the exception of Bay St. Louis and Waveland. Camille destroyed the Episcopal Trinity church before the death at Pass Christian, taking 15 lives. Dixie White House, where President Woodrow Wilson and his family lived, was badly damaged. In Biloxi, Mississippi, the storm surge reaches the second floor of the building. The highest recorded total rainfall was 10.06 inches (256 mm) in the Mississippi Test Facility. Mississippi received the worst damage. After making the landing, Camille produced a storm surge of 24 feet (7.3 m). Along the coast of Mississippi and about three to four blocks on land, the destruction is almost complete. The worst areas are Clermont Harbor, Lakeshore, Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Long Beach, and beaches in front of Gulfport, Mississippi City, and Biloxi. One of Frank Lloyd Wright's waterfront homes for W. L. Fuller, at Pass Christian, was completely destroyed.
Over 11 inches (280 mm) of rain occurred in Hancock County, and most of the lowland areas were flooded up to 15 feet (4.6 m) of water. The US Highway 90, which is close to the beach, is damaged in many areas, and the sand and debris prevents most of it. Total said that 3,800 homes and businesses were totally destroyed. When Camille landed, the ship passed the Ship Island, off the coast of Mississippi; The powerful Camille storm surge and heavy rain literally divide the island into two: the water body between the Western Ship Island and the Eastern Ship Island is now called "Camille's Cut". Camille has significant ecological effects in the Gulf Coast region. A chain of barrier islands off the coast of Mississippi and 70% of the island of Dauphin is completely flooded by storm surges. Camille caused about $ 950 million (1969 dollars) damage in Mississippi.
Hurricane Party
One persistent report about Camille stated that 24 people held a "hurricane party" on the third floor of Richelieu Manor Apartment in Pass Christian, Mississippi, on the road from the eye pockets when it made the landing. High storm surges flooded and destroyed buildings, killing all but one person. Who survived, how many party guests were there, and how far the only survivors were swept away by the varying storms by retelling. An ABC film created for TV titled Hurricane, starring Frank Sutton from USMC's Gomer Pyle USMC Larry Hagman, Patrick Duffy, Will Geer, Martin Milner, and Michael Learned, is loosely based on an alleged storm party. However, the site and the name is changed to a fictitious for a movie, like the name of a storm. The Quantum Leap television show contains episodes about Hurricane Camille's party and the real storm. Twenty-three people are known to live in Richelieu Apartments during the cyclone, eight of them dead. The story of survivors and parties seems to have come from survivor Mary Ann Gerlach. Survivor Ben Duckworth has expressed his frustration. There is no hurricane party. Duckworth repeated in 2001. We were exhausted from boarding the windows and helping the police move the car. We were too tired to party. I can not tell you why the story persists, or why people do not put two and two together. I think the hurricane party made a good story.
The Richelieu Apartments site, the corner of Henderson Avenue and the US 90 at Pass Christian, then became a shopping mall. The shopping center was later destroyed by Hurricane Katrina.
Alabama and Florida
Alabama also suffered damage along the US Highway 90: 26,000 homes and over 1,000 businesses deleted completely throughout the state of Alabama. Camille's massive circulation also generates a 3-to-5-foot (0.91 to 1.52 m) storm surge in Apalachicola, Florida. The highest rainfall report received in Alabama is 6.52 inches (166Ã, mm) two miles northeast of Fairhope. Camille caused about $ 8 million (1969 dollars) damage in Alabama. Places further east in west Florida stretching to see lower rains, as 4.16 inches (106 mm) are measured at Pensacola Naval Air Station.
Valley of Ohio and West Virginia
Camille caused moderate rainfall in Tennessee and Kentucky between 3 and 5 inches (130 mm), helping to defuse drought in the area, but in West Virginia, a flash flood destroyed 36 homes and 12 trailers, a total of three quarters of a million dollars in damage.
Virginia
Because the storm is expected to quickly disappear on land, only a few are ready for flash floods. Arriving in Virginia on the night of August 19, Camille is no longer a cyclone, but carries a large amount of moisture and contains enough strength and pressure to attract extra moisture.
Large areas of western and central Virginia received more than 8 inches (200 mm) of rain from the remains of Camille, which caused massive flooding throughout the state. A total of 153 people lost their lives due to the blunt trauma they suffered during a mountain slide, associated with banjir bandang, did not drown. More than 123 of these deaths, including 21 members of one family, the Huffman family, are in Nelson County. Avalanche debris occurs on the hillside with a slope of more than 35 percent. In Nelson County, the number of deaths reached more than one percent of the population in the region. The worst damage was reported in Massies Mill, Woods Mill, Roseland, Bryant, Tyro, Montebello, Lovingston, Norwood, Rockfish, and along the Davis and Muddy Rivers. The James and Tye Rivers are above the flooded surface in many areas, including a record high 41.3 feet (12.6 m) in Columbia, Virginia. The Camille Storm caused more than $ 140 million of damage (1969 dollars) in Virginia. Camille is considered one of the worst natural disasters in recorded history in central Virginia.
The storm dropped heavy rain between 12 to 20 inches (300 to 510 mm), with a maximum of 27 inches (690 mm). Most of the rain occurred in Virginia for a period of 3-5 hours on 19-20 August. Five (5) plus inches of rain fell near North Fork of the Tye River in just half an hour with the soil already saturated from the previous rain. Many rivers flood the country, with the worst being James River in Richmond with a peak of 28.6 feet (8.7 m). Many rivers in Virginia and West Virginia set records for the peak flood stage, causing many landslides along the slopes. On the slopes between Charlottesville and Lynchburg, more than 26 inches (660 mm) of rain fell within 12 hours, but the worst happened in Nelson County where 27 inches (690 mm) fell. There it rained so heavily that reports received drowned birds in the trees, floating cows at Hatt Creek, and survivors had to clasp hands around their mouths and noses to breathe through the great flood. Although official rainfall was recorded at 27 inches, the unofficial estimate was much greater. Some estimate that more than 40 inches of rain fell at Davis Creek. Most gauges are washed away; However, it was reported that an empty 55 gallon drum that was not even at the center of the heaviest rainfall had 31 inches of water in it after Camille left. "So much rain fell in a very short time in Nelson County which, according to the National Weather Service at the time, was 'the maximum possible rainfall that theoretical meteorologists could attain.' "
Flash floods and mudslides killed 153 people. In Nelson County alone, 133 bridges were washed away, while in some places the whole community was inundated.
The great flood that took place in the downstream cut off all communications between Richmond and the Shenandoah Valley. Waynesboro in South River sees eight feet from downtown water, and Buena Vista has more than five feet.
Across Virginia, Camille destroyed 313 homes, 71 trailers, and 430 farm buildings. 3,765 families were affected by the typhoon in the area, and total damage in the state reached $ 140.8 million (1969 USD, $ 747 million USD 2005).
Recordings
Camille produces the sixth lowest official maritime pressure ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, at 900 millibars (27 inches). This is also the landing pressure; the only cyclone that hit the United States with lower pressure on land was the 1935 Labor Day Storm. The reconnaissance flight showed a pressure of 901 millibars (26.6 inHg), but this pressure was later corrected in 1969 by researchers to 919 mb (27.14 in). Camille wind speed can only be estimated, as no meteorological equipment survives extreme conditions on land, but Camille is thought to have a sustained 190 mph (305 km/h) wind on the mainland, with wind gusts exceeding 230 mph (370 km)/h) , although reanalysis in April 2014 concluded that Camille had a maximum wind of 175 mph (280 m/h) rather than the previously used 190 mph readings. Before Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Camille probably had the highest storm surge measured in the United States, at more than 24 feet (7.3 m).
The 24-foot (7.3 m) storm surge cited by the Army Corps of Engineers is based on signs of water in living buildings, which are only three in number. Before the collapse of the Richelieu Apartment, Ben Duckworth shone the flashlight to the stairs and found water in a single step from the third floor; this set a spike of 28 feet (8.5 m) in that place at that time. About 15 minutes later, the building collapsed and evidence disappeared with it.
In addition, Camille forced the Mississippi River to flow back into the river as far as 125 miles (from mouth to point north of New Orleans). The river is further supported for an additional 120 miles (190 km), to the northern point of Baton Rouge.
In 1969 the naming convention for hurricanes was not as tightly controlled as it is today. There are only three requirements: the name must be female (male name is not used at the time), the names must remain in alphabetical order, and the name may not have been retired.
Aftermath
The response after the storm involved many federal, state, and local agencies as well as volunteer organizations. The main organization to coordinate the federal response to disasters is the Emergency Preparedness Office, which provides $ 76 million (1969 USD, $ 403 million 2005 USD) to manage and coordinate disaster relief programs. Food and shelter available a day after the storm. On August 19, parts of Mississippi and Louisiana were declared a major disaster area and qualified for federal disaster relief funds. President Richard M. Nixon ordered 1450 regular troops and 800 US Armed Forces Engineers to the area to carry tons of food, vehicles and airplanes. Major organizations that contributed to the relief effort included the Federal Power Commission, which helped fully restore power to the affected areas on 25 November 1969. Coast Guard (then under the Department of Transportation), Air Force, Army, Army Corps, Naval Force Sea, and Marine Corps all help with evacuation, search and rescue, debris clearing, and food distribution. The Department of Defense donated $ 34 million (1969 USD, $ 180 billion USD) and 16,500 troops overall for recovery. The Department of Health provides $ 4 million for medicines, vaccines and other health related needs.
On Monday, the Air National Guard and those at Keesler Air Force Base flew the patients to Jackson and other inland locations. Volunteers look for the wounded and killed, and help the refugees. When many refugees returned on Tuesday, Governor John Bell Williams declared martial law, blocked the highway into the area and headed for 6pm. until 6 am. The governor also opened Camp Shelby, a dormitory at the University of Southern Mississippi, and Hotel Robert E. Lee as a shelter for those who lost homes. Part of Bay St. Louis and Pass Christian were evacuated. Survivors were found days after the storm, with 35 people trapped high in the north of St. Bay. Louis was rescued on Thursday. Military engineers dump 25 tons of dead animals, mostly cows, for a week after Camille. One week after the storm, Keesler-based aircraft sprayed malathion in the lowlands to kill a rapidly growing population of insects. The military emergency will be lifted on 27 August. The presence of federal and state military will continue for several weeks. On the evening of September 8, President Nixon visited Biloxi-Gulfport Regional Airport and gave a speech to boost the spirits of locals struggling to cope with the storm. During the rebuilding process, stricter building regulations are enforced by the local government. In 1973, storm hunters and their related surveillance planes were transferred to Keesler Air Force Base when their previous headquarters in Ramey, Puerto Rico, were closed.
Long-term reconstruction is overseen by the Commerce Department, which donated $ 30 million (1969 USD, $ 159 million USD 2005) to plan and coordinate the reconstruction of the affected areas. NOAA Weather Radio expanded to coastal locations during the 1970s after Camille on the recommendation made by the Commerce Department in September 1969.
The destruction of Camille inspired the application of the Saffir-Simpson Storm Scale. After the storm, many Gulf Coasters commented that the storm warning was not clear enough in conveying the intensity of the impending storm. The Saffir-Simpson scale offers a much more concise storm intensity statement than barometer pressure and wind speed measurements, and previous storm veterans can analogize the storm force approaching those they have experienced.
In a 1999 report on Camille Hurricane sponsored by the NOAA Coastal Service Center, the authors concluded: "With Camille, the preparation for events and responses was based on a process done long before the storm made landfall Coordination between government agencies as well as state officials and locally enhanced due to pre-existing plans. "
One small compensation is the recovery from flood damage in Nelson County, Virginia led to the discovery of the Ginger Gold apple in the Clyde Harvey gardens.
Retirement
Due to massive destruction and deaths in much of southern South America, the name Camille has retired after the 1969 season, and will never again be used for Atlantic or Gulf storms or tropical storms. Cindy's name was scheduled to change its name in 1973, though a list of ten new names was created for the 1972-1980 Atlantic hurricane season.
Hurricane Katrina Comparison
Historical Hurricanes
External links
- Face to Face with Hurricane Camille, Joseph P. Blank, Reader's Digest (March 1970), pp. 62-67
- Camille Courtyard Harrison County Library
- Post-Hurricane Report on Camille
- Camille radar image
- Storm surge profile
- The Story of Harbor Oaks Inn
- Thirty Years After Camille Storm: Valuable Lessons, Lost Lessons, Roger A. Pielke, Jr., Chantal Simonpietri, and Jennifer Oxelson, July 12, 1999.
- Trace Camille's eye on the ground
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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