The contrasting and categorization of emotions describes how emotions are thought to relate to each other. Various recent proposals of such groupings are described in the following sections.
Video Contrasting and categorization of emotions
Lists of emotions
Humans experience emotion, with evidence used that they influence action, thoughts and behavior. Emotions are categorized into various affects, which correspond to the current situation. An affect is a term used to describe the range of feeling experienced.
Many different theories of emotion have been researched, which have contrasting views on emotion.
Modelling basic emotions
William James proposed four basic emotions: fear, grief, love, and rage, based on bodily involvement. Paul Ekman devised six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. Wallace V. Friesen and Phoebe C. Ellsworth worked with him and agreed on the same structure of emotions. In the book Passion and Reason Richard and Bernice Lazarus list fifteen different emotions: aesthetic experience, anger, anxiety, compassion, depression, envy, fright, gratitude, guilt, happiness, hope, jealousy, love, pride, relief, sadness, and shame. Psychologists identify twenty-seven categories of emotion: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt, craving, disappointment, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, envy, excitement, fear, guilt, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, pride, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire, surprise, sympathy and triumph. This was based on 2185 short videos intended to elicit a certain emotion. These were then modelled onto a "map" of emotions.
Contrasting basic emotions
The following table, based on a wide review of current theories, identifies and contrasts the fundamental emotions according to a set of definite criteria. The three key criteria used include mental experiences that:
- have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain;
- are in response to some event or object that is either real or imagined;
- motivate particular kinds of behavior.
The combination of these attributes distinguish the emotions from sensations, feelings and moods.
HUMAINE's proposal for EARL
The emotion annotation and representation language (EARL) proposed by the Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion (HUMAINE) classifies 48 emotions.
Parrott's emotions by groups
A tree-structured list of emotions was described in Shaver et al. (1987), and also featured in Parrott (2001).
Plutchik's wheel of emotions
In 1980, Robert Plutchik constructed a wheel-like diagram of emotions visualising eight basic emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation. The wheel was inspired by Plutchik's Ten Postulates, a list of postulates which include some of the emotions listed below. Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (a feeling composed of two emotions). The ways the emotions can be paired up are listed here:
- Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust
- Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger
- Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust
- Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ? Surprise
Emotions also come in a variety of intensities; for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions follow below:
Plutchik's wheel in Venn format
Jessica Hagy wrote on her blog that Plutchik's wheel of emotions gave a demonstration on emotions, but needed more levels of intensity in the emotion combinations. She observed that the wheel was a Venn diagram format, and expanded the primary dyads.
The Hourglass of Emotions
In 2012, a scientific research book called The Hourglass of Emotions was largely based on Robert Plutchik's model, but categorised his emotions into four sentic dimensions. It contrasted anger, anticipation, joy, and trust as positive emotions, and fear, surprise, sadness and disgust as negative.
The Book of Human Emotions
Tiffany Watt Smith listed 154 different emotions and feelings, including foreign ones.
Mapping facial expressions
Scientists map twenty-one different emotions, which are based on Paul Ekman's six main emotions. The six basic emotions are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
Maps Contrasting and categorization of emotions
See also
- Affect (psychology)
- Basic emotions
- Emotion and memory
- Emotion classification
- Emotional mood
- List of virtues
References
External links
- A table of basic emotions according to a variety of authors
- An organized list of over 800 English emotion words, maintained by Steven DeRose
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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