Prayer (from Latin precari "to solicit, beg, plead") is a prayer or action that attempts to activate the relationship with the object of worship through deliberate communication.
Prayer can be a form of religious practice, it can be either individual or communal and takes place in public or in person. It may involve the use of words, songs or total silence. When a language is used, prayer can take the form of hymns, spells, official confession certificates, or spontaneous speech in the person who prays. There are various forms of prayer such as prayer requests, prayer requests, thanksgiving, and praise. Prayer can be directed to a god, a spirit, a dead person, or a noble idea, for the purpose of worship, to seek guidance, to seek help, to acknowledge the transgression (sin) or to express one's thoughts and emotions. Thus, people pray for many reasons such as personal gain or for the benefit of others (called intercession).
Some anthropologists believe that the earliest intelligent modern man practiced a form of prayer. Today, most religions involve prayer in one way or another; some rituals of action, require strict action sequences or place restrictions on who is allowed to pray, while others teach that prayer can be spontaneously practiced by anyone at any time.
Scientific studies on the use of prayer are largely concentrated on its effect on healing the sick or injured. A meta study of studies in this area has been performed by showing evidence only with little effect or effect. For example, a 2006 meta-analysis of 14 studies concluded that there was an "indistinguishable effect" while a 2007 systemic review of intercessory studies reported inconclusive results, noting that 7 out of 17 studies had "small but significant effect sizes", but the review noted that the most methodologically accurate study failed to produce significant findings. Several studies have shown an increase in medical complications in groups that receive prayers above those who do not. The efficacy of the petition in prayer for physical healing to the gods has been evaluated in many other studies, with conflicting results. There are some criticisms about the way the study was conducted.
Video Prayer
Events of prayer
The act of prayer is evidenced in a written source dating back 5000 years. Some anthropologists, such as Sir Edward Burnett Tylor and Sir James George Frazer, believe that the earliest intelligent modern humans practiced something we would recognize today as prayer.
Various spiritual traditions offer a variety of devotional actions. There are morning and evening prayers, grace is said to be more than eating, and a respectful physical attitude. Some Christians bow their heads and fold their arms. Some Native Americans regard dancing as a form of prayer. Some Sufis spin. Hindu Mantra singing. The Jewish prayer may involve swaying back and forth. Muslims practice prayer (kneeling and prostrating) in their prayers. Quakers were silent. Some pray according to standardized rituals and liturgies, while others prefer unadorned prayers. Others combine the two.
Friedrich Heiler is often quoted among Christians because of his systematic Prayer Tipology which lists six types of prayer: primitive, ritual, Greek, philosophical, mystical, and prophetic cultures. Some forms of prayer require a previous form of ritual cleansing or purification as in ghusl and ablution.
Prayer can be done personally and personally, or may be done privately in the presence of fellow believers. Prayer can be incorporated into daily "thinking life", where one always communicates with a god. Some people pray all the time that takes place during the day and seek guidance over the course of the day. This is actually considered a requirement in some Christian denominations, although enforcement is impossible or undesirable. There are many different answers to prayer, just as there are many ways to interpret an answer to a question, if there is an answer. Some people may experience sound, physical or mental disorders. If there is an answer, the time and place comes to be considered random. Some of the outward acts that sometimes accompany prayer are: anointing with oil; ring a bell; burning incense or paper; light candles or candles; See, for example, facing a certain direction (ie towards Mecca or the East); make the sign of the cross. One less visible action associated with prayer is fasting.
Various postures can be assumed, often with special meanings (especially respect or adoration) associated with them: standing; sit; kneel; prostrate on the floor; eyes open; closed eyes; hands folded or grasped; hands raised; holding hands with others; laying on hands and others. Prayer can be recited from memory, read from a prayer book, or composed spontaneously when prayed. They can be said, sung, or sung. They may be with musical accompaniment or not. There may be a time of silence outside when the prayers are offered mentally. Often, there are prayers to suit special occasions, such as the blessing of eating, the birth or the death of a loved one, other significant events in the life of the believer, or days of the year with special religious significance. Details that are in accordance with certain traditions are outlined below.
Maps Prayer
Approach to prayer
Petition directly to God
From biblical times to the present day, the most common form of prayer is to directly ask God to grant someone's wish. This is in many ways the simplest form of prayer. Some call this a social approach to prayer. In this view, one directly enters into the rest of God, and asks for their needs to be fulfilled. God listens to prayers, and may like or not choose to answer in the way one asks Him. This is the main approach to prayer found in the Hebrew Scriptures, the New Testament, most of the writings of the Church, and in rabbinic literature such as the Talmud.
Educational Approach
In this view, prayer is not a conversation. Instead, it is intended to instill certain attitudes in the person who is praying, but does not affect. Among the Jews, this is the approach of Rabbenu Bachya, Rabbi Yehuda Halevi, Joseph Albo, Samson Raphael Hirsch, and Joseph B. Soloveitchik. This view was expressed by Rabbi Nosson Scherman in an overview to the Artscroll Siddur (p.Ã, XIII).
Among Christian theologians, E. Bounds states the purpose of prayer education in each chapter of his book, The Necessity of Prayer . The prayer books such as the General Book of Prayer are both the result of this approach and the insistence on guarding them.
Rationalist Approach
In this view, the ultimate goal of prayer is to help train one to focus on divinity through intellectual philosophy and contemplation (meditation). This approach was taken by Jewish scholars and philosophers Maimonides and other medieval rationalists; it became popular among Jewish, Christian, and Islamic intellectuals, but it has never been the most popular understanding of prayer among lay people in these religions. In these three religions today, most people still hold this approach.
Experiential Approach
In this approach, the purpose of prayer is to enable the prayer person to gain direct experience from the recipient of the prayer (or as close as possible to directing it as a specific theology). This approach is very significant in Christianity and is widespread in Judaism (albeit less popular theology). In the Eastern Orthodox, this approach is known as hesychasm. It is also widespread in the Sufi Islam, and in some forms of mysticism. It has some similarities to the rationalist approach, since it can also involve contemplation, although contemplation is generally not seen as rational or intellectual. The Christian and Roman Catholic tradition also incorporates an experiential approach to prayer in the practice of Lectio Divina, historically a Benedictine practice in which the scriptures are recited; actively meditating using intelligence (but not analysis) may use the mind to put the listener in a relationship or dialogue with the text being read; a prayer being uttered; and ultimately ends with contemplation, a more passive approach to experience than previous meditation, characterized by the Catechism of the Catholic Church as a conscious experience of being attentive, and having a silent love for God, experienced by individuals without claiming to receive an experience. The experience of God in Christian mysticism has been contrasted with the concept of religious experience or mystical experience because of the long history or living writers and writing about the experience with the divine in a way that identifies God as unknowable and ineffable, the language of such ideas. can be paradoxically characterized as "experience", and without experience phenomena.
The origin of the prayer idea as "experience"
The idea of ​​"religious experience" can be traced back to William James, who uses the term "religious experience" in his book, The Varieties of Religious Experience. The origins of the use of this term may be dated further.
In the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, some historical figures have expressed a very influential view that their religion and beliefs can be based on the experience itself. While Kant argues that moral experience justifies religious beliefs, John Wesley besides emphasizing individual moral deployment, thinking that religious experience in the Methodist movement (parallel to the Romantic Movement) is the basis of religious commitment as a way of life.
Wayne Proudfoot traces the roots of the idea of ​​"religious experience" to German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834), who argues that religion is based on infinite feeling. The idea of ​​"religious experience" was used by Schleiermacher and Albert Ritschl to defend religion against growing scientific and secular criticism, and defended the view that human experience (moral and religious) justified religious beliefs.
Such religious empiricism would later be deemed very problematic and during the period between world wars - the famous ones rejected by Karl Barth. In the 20th century, religious and moral experience as justification for religious beliefs was still in control. Some of the most influential modern scholars who hold this liberative theological outlook are Charles Raven and Oxford physicist/theologian Charles Coulson.
The notion of "religious experience" was adopted by many religious scholars, of which William James was most influential.
General criticisms arising from the concept of "experience prayer"
The idea of ​​"experience" has been criticized. Robert Sharf points out that "experience" is a typical Western term, which has found its way into Asian religiosity through Western influence. The idea of ​​"experience" introduces the false notion of duality between "experiencing" and "experienced", while the essence of kensho is the embodiment of the "non-duality" of the observer and observed. "Pure experience" does not exist; all experiences mediated by intellectual and cognitive activity. The specific teachings and practices of a particular tradition can even determine the "experience" of a person, meaning that this "experience" is not evidence of teaching, but the outcome of teaching. Pure consciousness without concept, accomplished by "clearing the door of perception", would be a tremendous disorder of sensory input without coherence.
Abrahamic religions
Bible
In the general Bible of Abrahamic religions, various forms of prayer appear; the most common forms are petition, thanksgiving, and worship. The longest book in the Bible is the Book of Psalms, 150 religious songs that are often regarded as prayers. Other famous biblical prayers include the Song of Moses (Exodus 15: 1-18), The Song of Hannah (1 Samuel 2: 1-10), and the Magnificat (Luke 1: 46-55). The most familiar prayers in the Christian Bible are the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6: 9-13, Luke 11: 2-4) and Grace (2 Corinthians 13:14). While Hail Mary (Luke 1:28, Luke 1:42) is mostly Roman Catholic.
Judaism
The devout Jews pray three times a day, Shacharit, Mincha, and Ma'ariv with longer prayers on special days, such as Shabbat and Jewish holidays including the Musaf and the Torah reading. The siddur is a prayer used by Jews all over the world, containing a set of daily prayer sequences. Jewish prayer is usually described as having two aspects: kavanah (intention) and keva (ritualistic, structured element).
The most important Jewish prayer is Shema Yisrael ("Listen to Israel") and Amidah ("standing prayer").
Shared prayer is preferred over solitary prayer, and the quorum of ten adult males (one minyan) is considered by Orthodox Judaism as a prerequisite for some common prayer.
There are also many other ritual prayers that Jews do in their day, such as washing before eating bread, washing after waking in the morning, and doing mercy after eating.
Rationalist approach to prayer
In this view, the ultimate goal of prayer is to help train one to focus on divinity through intellectual philosophy and contemplation. This approach was taken by Maimonides and other medieval rationalists. One example of this prayer approach is recorded by Rabbi Steven Weil, who was appointed as Executive Vice President of Orthodox in 2009. He notes that the word "prayer" is a derivative of the Latin "precari", meaning "begging". The equivalent Hebrew "tefilah", however, together with the "pelel" or reflexive "l'hitpallel" roots, means self-analysis or self-evaluation. This approach is sometimes described as a person who prays having a dialogue or conversation with God.
Educational approach to prayer
In this view, prayer is not a conversation. Instead, it is intended to instill certain attitudes in the person who is praying, but does not affect. This is the approach of Rabbenu Bachya, Judah Halevy, Joseph Albo, Samson Raphael Hirsch, and Joseph Dov Soloveitchik. This view was expressed by Rabbi Nosson Scherman in an overview to the Artscroll Siddur (p.Ã, XIII); Note that Scherman continues to also affirm Kabbalistic views (see below).
Kabbalistic approach to prayer
Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) uses a series of kavanots, intentions, to determine the way of up prayer in dialogue with God, to increase his chances of being answered properly. Kabbalists consider a higher meaning for the purpose of prayer, which is no less than affecting the order of reality itself, restructuring and improving the universe in a tangible way. In this view, every word of every prayer, and even, even every letter of every word, has the right meaning and the right effect. Thus, prayer really affects the mystical forces of the universe, and improves the fabric of creation.
Among the Jews, this approach has been taken by Chassidei Ashkenaz (Medieval Pietic of Germany), Kabbalist tradition of Arizal, Ramchal, largely Hassidism, Vilna Gaon, and Jacob Emden.
Christianity
Christian prayer is quite varied. They can be completely spontaneous, or read entirely from a text, such as the Anglican General Prayer Book. The most common prayer among Christians is the Lord's Prayer, which according to the Gospel record (eg Matthew 6: 9-13) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's Prayer is a model for prayer of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity.
Christians generally pray to God or to the Father. Some Christians (eg, Catholics, Orthodox) will also ask the righteous in heaven and "in Christ," like the Virgin Mary or other saints to intercede by praying for them (the saints of the saints). The formula closing includes "through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with You, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, God, through all ages," and "in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost."
It has become a habit among Protestants to end prayers with "In the name of Jesus, Amen" or "In the name of Christ, Amen." However, the closure most commonly used in Christianity is simply "Amen" (from the Hebrew word used as a statement of affirmation or approval, usually translated as so that ).
In the Western or Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, perhaps the most common is the Rosary; In the Eastern Church (Eastern rites of the Catholic Church and Orthodox Church), the Prayer of Jesus. The prayer of Jesus is also often repeated as part of the meditative hesychasm practice in Eastern Christianity.
The Roman Catholic tradition includes prayer and specific devotion as a reparation act that does not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary, but aims to improve the sins of others, eg. for the repair of blasphemy sins committed by others.
Other forms of prayer among Catholics are meditative prayer, contemplative prayer, and infused prayer discussed at length by Catholic Saints St. John the Cross and St. Theresa Jesus.
Pentecostalism
In the Pentecostal congregations, prayer is often accompanied by speaking in a foreign language, a practice now known as glossolalia. Practitioners of glossolalia Pentecost can claim that the language they use in prayer is a real foreign language, and that the ability to speak the language spontaneously is a gift of the Holy Ghost.
Some people outside the movement, however, have offered different views. George Barton Cutten suggests that glossolalia is a sign of mental illness. Felicitas Goodman suggests that tongue speakers are under the form of hypnosis. Others claim that it is a learned behavior. Some of these views are alleged to have been denied.
Christian Science
Christian Science teaches that prayer is a spiritualization of the mind or an understanding of God and the underlying nature of spiritual creation. Adherents believe that this can produce healing, by bringing spiritual reality ("Kingdom of Heaven" in Bible terms) into a clearer focus in the human scene. The world as seen in the senses is considered a distorted version of the world of spiritual ideas. Prayer can cure distortion. Christian scholars believe that prayer does not alter spiritual creation but gives a clearer view of it, and the result appears in the human scene as a healing: the human image adapts more closely to the divine reality. Christian scientists do not practice intercessory prayers as they are generally understood, and they generally avoid combining prayer with medical care in the belief that both practices tend to work against each other. (However, the choice of healing methods is considered a problem for the individual, and the Christian Science Church does not place pressure on members to avoid medical treatment if they wish to use it as an alternative to Christian Science healing.) Prayer works through love: the recognition of God's creation as spiritual, whole, and inherently can be loved.
Prevalence of prayer for health
Some modalities of alternative medicine use prayer. A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States, found that in 2002, 43% of Americans prayed for their own health, 24% praying for the health of others. , and 10% participate in prayer groups for their own health.
Islam
The Arabic word for prayer is wrong. In Islam, there are five daily obligatory prayers that are considered as one of the pillars of religion. The command for ritual prayer exists in the Qur'an in several chapters (letters). The prayer was done by the person as they faced the Ka'bah in Mecca. There is a "call to prayer" ( adhan ), where muezzin calls all followers to stand together for prayer. The prayer consists of acts such as glorifying and praising God (such as calling 'All Hu Akbar' (Great God) while standing, reciting the chapters of the Qur'an (as the opening chapter of this book ( Al- Fatihah ), bowing and then praising God, prostration (prostration) and then praising God again and ending with the words: "Peace be unto you and the grace of God." During prayer, a Muslim can not speak or do anything else. In addition to praying, After the prayer is finished, one can offer personal prayer or supplication to God for their needs known as two There are many standard prayers in Arabic to be read at various times ( eg > after prayer) and for various occasions ( for example for parents) with etiquette and ethics like before meals Muslim can also say two in words and language alone for what issue also they want to communicate with God with hope that God will answer their prayers.
It is believed that the Prophet Muhammad showed every Muslim the correct method for prayer so that the same method is believed to have been preserved and observed to date with a school of thought that has little difference in belief in it. do. Certain Shiite sects pray five daily prayers divided into three separate parts of the day, giving some Hadith as supporting evidence.
BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ'
BahÃÆ'¡'u'llÃÆ'¡h, BÃÆ'¡b, and `Abdu'l-BahÃÆ'¡ write many prayers for common use, and some for certain occasions, including for unity, detachment, spiritual uplift, and healing among those other. BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ's is also required to read every day of one of the three obligatory prayers prepared by BahÃÆ'¡'u'llÃÆ'¡h. Believers have been ordered to face Qiblih when reading their Compulsory Prayer. The longest compulsory prayer can be read at any time during the day; another, medium length, recited once in the morning, once in the middle of the day, and once in the night; and the shortest can be read at any time between noon and sunset. BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ's also read and ponder the scriptures every morning and evening.
Animism
Although prayer in its literal sense is not used in animism, communication with the spirit world is vital to the animist way of life. This is usually done through a shaman who, through trance, gains access to the spirit world and then shows the spirit mind to the people. Other ways to receive messages from spirits include using astrology or contemplating fortune tellers and healers. Indigenous religions in parts of North, East and South Asia, America, Africa and Oceania are often animist.
America
The Aztec religion is not entirely animist. It has a rising pantheon of gods, and the shamans perform a prayer ritual to these gods in their respective temples. These shamans make petitions to the right gods instead of offering sacrifices: food, flowers, stupas, and animals, usually quails. But the greater the need of God, the greater his sacrifice, and for the most important rite a person will offer his own blood; by cutting off ears, arms, tongue, thighs, chest or genitals, and often human life; either warrior, slave, or even self-sacrifice.
Indians of Pueblo are known to have used prayer sticks, sticks with feather sticks as offerings. The Hopi Indians also used a prayer stick, but they attached a small sack of sacred food.
Australia
In Australia, the prayer for "Wit Agung" is done by "smart smart" and "smart lady", or kadji . These Aboriginal dukuns use maban or mabain, a material believed to give them a recognized magical power.
Eastern Religion
In contrast to Western religion, Eastern religion for the most part discards worship and places a devotional emphasis on meditation practice along with scripture study. Consequently, prayer is seen as a form of meditation or an additional exercise for meditation.
Buddhism
In certain Buddhist sects, prayer accompanies meditation. Buddhism for the most part sees prayer as a secondary training that supports for scripture meditation and study. The Buddha Gautama claims that man has the capacity and potential to be liberated, or enlightened, through contemplation (Sanskrit: vhana vana and dhy? Na ), which leads to insight. Prayer is primarily seen as a powerful psycho-physical exercise that can improve meditation.
In the early Buddhist tradition, Theravada, and in the Mahayana Zen (or ChÃÆ'¡n) tradition, prayer played only an additional role. It is largely a ritualistic expression of desire for success in practice and in helping all beings.
A skilled way (Sanskrit: up? Yes ) from reward transfer (Sanskrit: pari ?? man? ) is a resurrection and a prayer. Moreover, buddha is not necessarily available for intercession when they live in developed fields (Sanskrit: buddha-khetra ).
The nirm? Nak? Yes of the awakened fields is what is commonly known and understood as a mandala. The opening and closing of the ring (Sanskrit: ma ?? ala ) is an active prayer. Active prayer is an activity that is attentive, an activity where consciousness is not just built but is . The general prayer is "May the good of my practice, decorate the Holy Land of the Buddha, repay the good fourfold from the top, and reduce the suffering of the three life paths below. Universal expecting living creatures, friends, enemies, and creditor karma, all to enable mind bodhi, and all to be born again in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss. "(?????? ?????)
The Generation Stage (Sanskrit: utpatti-krama ) of Vajrayana involves the element of prayer.
The Tibetan Buddhist tradition emphasizes an instructive and devoted relationship to a teacher; this may involve devotional practices known as yoga teachers who are in tune with prayer. It also appears that Tibetan Buddhism presupposes the existence of various gods, but the ultimate view of tradition is that the god or yidam is no longer or real than continuity (Sanskrit: santana , referring mindstream) from practitioners, the environment and activity. But how practitioners involve yidam or the protective deity will depend on the level or more precisely yana where they are practicing. At one level, one may pray to the gods for protection or help, taking on a lesser role. On another level, one can call a god, on a more equal footing. And at a higher level may deliberately cultivate the idea that a person has become a god, while remaining aware that his main character is ? Nyat? . The view of the more esoteric yana is impenetrable to those without direct experience and empowerment.
Pure Land Buddhism emphasizes recitation by worshipers of prayer-like spells, a practice often called Nembutsu. At one level it is said that reading these mantras can ensure rebirth to be Sambhogak? Yes land (Sanskrit: buddha-kshetra ) after the dissolution of the body, spheres spontaneously appear to the enlightened intention of a buddha. According to Shinran, founder of the most common Buddhist tradition of the Holy Land in the US, "for the long term there is nothing as valuable as Nembutsu." On the other hand, practice is a form of meditation aimed at achieving realization.
But beyond all these practices the Buddha emphasizes the virtue of individual practice and experience. He said that an application to a god or a god is not required. However, today many lay people in East Asian countries pray to the Buddha in a way that resembles Western prayer - seeking intervention and offering devotion.
Hinduism
Hinduism has included many types of prayers (Sanskrit: Rthan ), from fire-based rituals to philosophical musings. While the song involves 'with dictum' the recitation of verses or eternal verses with timings and notations, dhyanam involves deep meditation (but short or long) on ​​the favored god/God. Again the object offered by prayer can be a person called devta, a trinity or an incarnation of either devta or trinity or just a formless meditation like the ancient sage did. These prayers can be directed to meet personal needs or deep spiritual enlightenment, as well as for the benefit of others. The ritual plea is part and parcel of the Vedic religion and thus permeates their sacred texts. Indeed, the highest sacred texts of Hinduism, the Vedas, are a large collection of mantras and prayer rituals. Classical Hinduism came to focus on praising the single power, the Brahman, manifested in some of the lesser forms as the god of the Hindu deity he knew. Hindus in India have many devotional movements. Hindu people may pray to Brahman's most absolute deity, or more commonly to his three manifestations, the creator god called Brahma, the god-keeper called Lord Vishnu and the destructive deity (so that the creation cycle can start all over again) Shiva , and on the next level to the Vishnu avatar (earthly apparition) of Rama and Krishna or many other male or female deities. Typically, Hindus pray with their hands (palms) joining together in the pranam . This hand gesture is similar to the popular greetings of India namaste . Jainism
Although Jainism believes that no spirits or divine beings can help them in their way, these numbers do have an influence on believers, and on special occasions, Jain will pray for the right knowledge for twenty-four Tirthankaras.
Shinto
The practices involved in Shinto prayer are strongly influenced by Buddhism; Japanese Buddhism is also strongly influenced by Shinto in turn. The most common and basic form of devotion involves throwing a coin, or several, into a collection box, ringing a bell, clapping, and contemplating one's wish or prayer in silence. The bells and claps are meant to awaken or attract the attention of our from the temple, so that one's prayer can be heard.
Shinto prayer is quite often composed of desire or assistance requested from us , rather than long praise or devotion. Unlike in some other beliefs, it is not considered irregular or inappropriate to seek help from our in this way, and indeed many holy places are associated with certain pleasures, such as the success of the test.
In addition, one can write someone's wishes on a small wooden tablet, called , and leave it hanging in the temple, where we can read it. If the wish is granted, one can return to the temple to leave the other Sikhism
The Ard? (Punjabi: ?????) is a Sikh prayer performed before performing or after performing a significant task; after reading the daily Banis (prayer); or completion of a service such as Paath (reading scripture/recitation), kirtan (hymn) program or other religious program. In Sikhism, these prayers are also said before and after meals. His prayer is a plea to God to support and help the worshipers with whatever he will do or have done.
Ardas is usually always done standing with arms folded. The beginning of Ardas was strictly established by the tenth Guru Sikh, Guru Gobind Singh. When it comes to the conclusion of this prayer, worshipers use words such as "Waheguru please bless me in the task I will do" when starting a new task or "Purakh's Intellect, after completing the singing song, we ask you to keep blessing so we can continue with your memory and remember you at all times ", etc. The word "Ard?" Comes from the Persian word 'Arazdashat', which means request, petition, prayer, petition or address to superior authority.
Ard? S is a unique prayer based on the fact that it is one of the few famous prayers in Sikhism that were not written entirely by the Master. The Ard's can not be found in the pages of Guru Granth Sahib because it is an ever-changing text of reflection that has evolved over time in order to cover the achievements, achievements, and feelings of all Sikh generations in its lines. By taking various derivations from the word Ardà ¢ â,¬â "¢ s into account, the basic purpose of this prayer is the appeal to Waheguru for its protection and care, as well as being a plea for the welfare and prosperity of all mankind, and a means for the grateful Sikh to Waheguru for all he has done.
Taoism
Taoism in its earliest form, before being influenced by the arrival of Buddhism in China, is a philosophy and not a religion. In Taoism there is no god to pray for, there is only Tao. In practice Tao strives to connect with, become one with and manifest Tao in everyday life. It often involves the practice of meditation including martial arts, healing and other like Fulu, which is a supernatural image and writing charm.
Taoism is often mixed with other practices such as ancestor worship, which can lead to prayers directed against ancestors or other deceased historical figures.
Other religions
Wicca
Wiccan prayers can include meditation, rituals and incantations. Prayer is seen as a form of communication with God and Goddess. This may include a prayer for an ice-and-sabbat, for dinner, for dawn or for your own safety or for others, for healing or for the dead.
RaÃÆ'« lism
In ritual and practice Rites vary from initiation ceremonies, to sensual meditation. The initiation ceremony usually involves a Raelian who puts water on the forehead of a new member. The ceremony is performed on certain special days on the Raelian calendar. Sensual meditation techniques include breathing exercises and various forms of erotic meditation.
Eckankar
In Eckankar, one of the basic forms of prayer includes singing the word "HU" which is pronounced as "hue", the sacred name of God. This can be done with eyes closed or open, in a loud or silent voice. Practitioners may experience a divine EC or Holy Spirit.
Pre-Christian Europe
Etruscan, _Greek, _and_Roman_paganism "> Etruscan, Greek, and Roman paganismIn pre-Christian Greek and Roman religions (Ancient Greek religion, Roman religion), ceremonial prayer is very formulated and ritualized. The Iguvine Tables contain a request that can be translated, "If something is not true, if something is done incorrectly, leave it as if it was done right."
The formalism and the nature of the formulas of these prayers make them written in a language that may be only partially understood by the author, and our texts of these prayers can in fact be chaotic. The prayers in Etruscan were used in the Roman world by other scholars and oracles long after Etruscan became a dead language. Carmen Arvale and Carmen Saliare are two examples of some preserved prayers that their scribes seem incomprehensible to, and whose language is full of archaic and difficult passages.
The prayer and sacrifice of the Romans is often regarded as a legal bargain between gods and worshipers. The Roman principle is stated as do ut des : "I give, so you can give." Cato Elder's treatise on agriculture contains many examples of preserved traditional prayer; at one, a farmer addresses the unknown god of a possible sacred forest, and sacrifices a pig to placate the god or goddess of the place and requests his permission to chop down some trees from the forest.
Germanic paganism
A number of prayer notes to the gods in Germanic paganism survive the Christianization process, although only one prayer survives without the rejection of Christian references. This prayer is recorded in verses 2 and 3 of the SigrdrÃÆ'fumÃÆ'¡l poem, composed in the thirteenth century
The prayer to the great god Odin is mentioned in chapter 2 of the VÃÆ'¶lsunga saga in which the Rerir King prays for a child. His prayer was answered by Frigg, Odin's wife, who sent him an apple, dropped in his lap by the waiter Frigg in the form of a crow while Rerir sat on a mound. Wife Rerir eat apples and then pregnant with heroes VÃÆ'¶lsung. In verse 9 of the poem OddrÃÆ'ºnargrÃÆ'¡tr , a prayer is made for "good wight, Frigg and Freyja, and many gods," although since that poem is often regarded as one of the youngest poems in Poetic. Edda, this section has become a debate.
In chapter 21 of the JÃÆ'³msvÃÆ'kinga saga , which wants to change the Battle waves of HjÃÆ'¶rungavÃÆ'¡gr, Haakon Sigurdsson finally finds his prayer answered by the goddess ÃÆ'žorgerÃÆ'  ° r HÃÆ'¶lgabrÃÆ'ºÃÆ'  ° r and Irpa (the first of both portrayed as Haakon's goddess goddess) who appears in battle, kills many fleets of the opponent, and causes the remnants of their troops to flee. However, the depiction of this pagan prayer has been criticized as inaccurate because Haakon's description fell to his knees.
The 11th century manuscripts for Anglo-Saxon charms erboty present what is supposedly the original pagan prayer for the fertility of plants and land of speakers, although Christianization is evident throughout the enchantment. The 8th century Wessobrunn prayer has been proposed as a Christianized pagan prayer and compared to the pagan VÃÆ'¶luspÃÆ'¡ and Mantra Merseburg, most recently recorded in the 9th or 10th century but from traditional origins which is much older.
Western theology and esoterism
Western theologians and esoteric practitioners can practice a ritual form that uses previously agreed prayer and God-approved names, and "heart-hearted" prayers which, when combined, enable participants to rise spiritually, and in some cases, induce a trance where God or other spiritual beings can be realized. Very similar to the hermetic qabala, and orthodox qabala, it is believed that prayer can affect the physical and non-physical worlds. The use of ritualistic signs and names is believed to be an archetype in which the subconscious can be formed as an Inner God, or another spiritual being, and "prayer from the heart" becomes the spiritual power that speaks through the participants.
Thelema
In Thelema (a religion or philosophical system that includes both theist practitioners and atheist practitioners) shares a number of practices that are individual forms of prayer, including basic yoga; (asanas and pranayama); various forms of magic ritual; self-designed rituals (often based on religious syncretism, or Western Esoterism, such as the Little Disposal Ritual of Pentagram and Star Ruby); and the performance of Liber Resh vel Helios (aka Liber 200), which consists of four daily adoration of the sun (often consisting of 4 hand/body positions and recited, memorized, usually spoken, dealing with various forms of deities identified with the sun).
Although there is no dogma in Thelema expressing the purpose behind each individual candidate who chooses to perform "Resh", it can be noted that the practice of "Resh" is not a simple petition against the sun, or the "cult" form of the celestial body we call the Sun, the light source, which allows life on our planet, and uses the mythological image of the sun's power, so that individuals can perform prayers, perhaps advance their identification with the sun, so "the repeated application of the Reshaping Adhesion extends the individual's consciousness by forcing it to take perspective different, by encouraging him to 'see things from the Sun's point of view'.
Prayer Group
The prayer group is a group of people who meet to pray together. These groups, mostly formed in Christian congregations but sometimes among Muslim groups, also gather outside the worship service of the congregation to pray for perceived needs, sometimes in congregations, sometimes in their religious group in general. However, these groups often pray also for the world around them, including those who do not share their beliefs.
Many prayer group meetings are held according to a regular schedule, usually once a week. However, extraordinary events, such as the September 11 attacks or major catastrophes, led to a series of improvised prayer group meetings. Prayer groups do not need to meet face-to-face, and there are many one-purpose prayer groups in the world.
Request for prayer
A prayer request is a religious practice in which personal requests for others, including organized prayer groups, to pray on behalf of the applicant for a particular reason. Requests are often collected to act on them either as organized prayer meetings or as individuals.
Healing prayer
Prayer is often used as a means of healing the faith in an attempt to use religious or spiritual means to prevent illness, cure illness, or improve health. Some attempts to heal through prayer, mental practice, spiritual insight, or other techniques, claim that they can call divine or supernatural intervention on behalf of the sick. Others suggest that sick people can achieve healing through prayer done by themselves. According to the varying beliefs of those who practice it, the healing of faith can be said to provide gradual relief from pain or sickness or to produce a sudden "miracle cure", and it can be used in lieu of, or together with, conventional medical techniques to alleviate or cure the disease. Faith healing has been criticized on the grounds that those who use it may delay seeking potentially curative conventional medical treatments. This is very problematic when parents use faith healing techniques in children.
Benefits of healing prayer
In 1872, Francis Galton performed a well-known statistical experiment to determine whether prayer had a physical effect on the external environment. Galton hypothesizes that if prayer is effective, members of the British Royal family will live longer, given that thousands of people pray for their welfare every Sunday. He therefore compared longevity in the British Royal family with the general population, and found no difference. While the experiment may be intended to insinuate, and suffer from a number of confounders, it sets a precedent for a number of different studies, whose results are contradictory.
Two studies suggest that patients being prayed for recover faster or more frequently even though critics claim that the study methodology is flawed, and the perceived effect disappears when control is tightened. One study, with a double-blind design and about 500 subjects per group, was published in 1988; it shows that intercessory prayer by reborn Christians has a statistically significant positive effect on the coronary care unit population. Critics argue that there is a severe methodological problem with this research. Another such study was reported by Harris et al. Critics also claim that the 1988 study was not completely double blind, and that in Harris's study, patients actually had longer hospitals living in prayer groups, if one of the patient discounts in both groups who went before the prayer started, demonstrating a prayer for patients whose average gets a lower score (indicating better recovery).
One of the largest randomized, randomized, clinical trials is an isolated interessory prayer study conducted in Israel by Leibovici. The study used 3393 patient records from 1990-96, and blindly assigned some to an intercession group. The prayer group has a shorter hospital stay and fever duration.
Some research on the effectiveness of prayer has yielded results that do not exist. A 2001 double-blind study from the Mayo Clinic found no significant difference in the rate of recovery between people who (without their knowledge) were assigned to groups praying for them and those who did not. Similarly, the MANTRA study conducted by Duke University found no difference in cardiac procedure results as a result of prayer. In another similar study published in the American Heart Journal in 2006, the Christian intercessory prayer when reciting written prayers did not affect the recovery of heart surgery patients; However, this study found patients who had knowledge of receiving prayer had slightly higher instances of complications than those who did not know whether they were being prayed or those who did not receive prayers. Another study in 2006 showed that prayer actually had a significant negative effect on the recovery of heart bypass patients, resulting in more frequent death and slower recovery time for patients receiving prayer.
Many believe that prayer can help in recovery, not because of divine influence but because of the psychological and physical benefits. It has also been suggested that if a person knows that he or she is being prayed for it can be uplifting and improve morale, thus helping to recover. (See the effects of Hope-Subject.) Many studies have suggested that prayer can reduce physical stress, regardless of god or god being prayed by someone, and this may be true for many worldly reasons. According to a study by Centra State Hospital, "the psychological benefits of prayer can help reduce stress and anxiety, promote a more positive outlook, and strengthen the will to live." Other exercises such as yoga, t'ai chi, and meditation can also have a positive impact on physical and psychological health.
Others feel that the concept of doing prayer experiments reflects a misunderstanding of the purpose of prayer. The aforementioned research published in the American Heart Journal indicates that some intercessory prayers who participated in it complained about the textual nature of the forced prayer to them, saying that this is not the way they usually do prayers:
Prior to the commencement of this study, intercessors reported that they typically receive information about the age of the patient, gender and progress report on their medical condition; communicate with family members or patients (not by fax from a third party); using individual prayers of their own choosing; and pray for variable time periods based on patient or family requests.
One scientific movement seeks to trace the physical impact of prayer through neuroscience. Leaders in the movement include Andrew Newberg, an Associate Professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In Newberg's brain scan, monks, priests, nuns, nuns and teachers alike have a very focused focus and compassion. This is the result of the frontal lobes of brain involvement (Newberg, 2009). Newburg believes that anyone can connect with the supernatural with practice. Those who have no religious affiliation also benefit from connection to metaphysics. Newberg also stated that further evidence of the human need for metaphysical relationships is that science has increased spirituality has not decreased. Newburg believed that by the end of the 18th century, when the scientific method began to consume the human mind, religion could vanish. However, two hundred years later, the perception of spirituality, in many instances, seems to be getting stronger (2009). Newberg's study also provides a link between prayer and meditation and health. By understanding how the brain works during religious experience and practice, Newberg's research shows that the brain changes during these practices allows an understanding of how religion affects psychological and physical health (2009). For example, brain activity during meditation shows that people who often do prayer or meditation experience lower blood pressure, lower heart rate, decreased anxiety, and decreased depression.
Skepticism
In his book, Christopher Hitchens said of prayer that if the petitioner is praying to an omnipotent and omniscient god, it would be arrogant for the petitioner to believe that they understood the grand scheme of things sufficient to pray for the best. For example, he interprets Ambrose Bierce's definition of prayer by stating that "the one who prays is the one who thinks God has arranged all things wrong, but who also thinks that he can instruct the god how to put them right."
Daniel Dennett says that prayer can free a person from the need to take active action to overcome the problems around them, stating:
Surely not harm the world if people who honestly do it pray for me! No, I'm not at all sure about that. For one thing, if they really want to do something useful, they can devote their prayer time and energy to some urgent project they can do.
This potential weakness manifests in extreme form in cases like Christian Scientists who rely on prayer rather than seeking medical care for family members for an easily curable condition which then results in death.
Use of non-religious prayer
In medieval England, prayer (especially the occult words) is often used as a measure of time in medical and culinary recipes.
See also
Note
References and footnotes
Further reading
- Stein, Rob (March 24, 2006). "Researchers See Prayer and Healing". Washington Post . Retrieved 2014-11-04 .
External links
- Famous Hindi Prayer
- Media related to Prayer on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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